Chapter 30: The War to End War
Identifications
George Creel
George Creel was a journalist, politician, and the head of the United States Committee on Public Information. This organization was created by Woodrow Wilson during World War I.
Bernard Baruch
Bernard Baruch was a well-known philanthropist and was a successful , financier, stock investor, and political consultant. He worked for Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt .
Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who was the Senate Majority leader. He was known for his stance on foreign policies against President Wilson over the Treaty of Versailles.
James M. Cox
James M. Cox was the 46th and 48th Governor of Ohio. He was also the democratic representative and candidate for President during the election of 1920. He was in office from 1909 to 1913.
Self-Determination
This is the document that states that all nations have to follow equal rights and fair opportunity to choose their own ruler and political status. This came from the Atlantic Charter by the President of the US and the Prime Minister of the UK. It does not state what constitutes a nation however.
Collective security
This is a arrangement where a state accepts a system of security that agrees to keep the peace and eliminate any threats. It is better than alliance security of collective defense. There is a low chance of it working however.
Normalcy
Normalcy is also known as the time before World War One. This was promised by presidential candidate, Warren G. Harding in the election of 1920. This was used as a campaign slogan but he opposed this.
Zimmerman Note
This was a note that was sent from Germany to Mexico in 1917. Germany asked Mexico to start war against the US but it was intercepted by British Intelligence. This provoked the US to declare war on Germany later.
Fourteen Points
This was the speech given by President Woodrow Wilson to Congress on Jan. 8, 1918. This outlined post war order and was used to calm the country. It also said the Great War had a moral cause and was to achieve peace in Europe.
League of Nations
This was an organization that was made after the Paris Peace Conference that ended World War I. Its goal was to maintain world peace and used the Covenant and collective security. It used disarmament and arbitration to resolve issues.
Committee on Public Information
This was also known as the Creel Committee. It was created to influence public opinion during World War I. It created support for the war and promoted the war in Europe.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
This act was enacted in 917 and it prohibited the interference of military operations that supported enemies during the war. It was passed and was ruled constitutional and did not violate the freedom of speech.
Industrial Workers of the World
The Industrial Workers of the World was also known as the IWW. It had 100,000 members and consisted of 300000 workers. The Red Scare discouraged members and its goal was to unite all workers as a class and abolish the wage system through this idea.
War Industries Board
This was a government agency that was created during World War 1 to coordinate war supplies and to encourage mass production. This was aimed to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. Frank A. Scott was the leader of the Board.
Nineteenth Amendment
The 19th Amendment was ratified on Aug. 18th, 1920. This allowed women to vote. It also allows states to determine its own qualifications for voting. It was the goal of the women’s suffrage movement.
Food Administration
Food Administration in the US was controlled by the FDA, Center for Food Safety and applied Nutrition, the Food Safety Commission, and the United States Food Administration. During WW1, it controlled the allied food reserves and stabilized the price of wheat.
Irreconcilables
These were people who opposed the Treaty of Versailles. This refers to the 12 or 18 Senators who did not want to ratify the treaty and did not want the US to join the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
This treaty ended World War 1 on June 28, 1919. It ended the war in Europe. The Central Powers had other treaties but this was passed at the Paris Peace Conference. It was Effective on January 10, 1920.
Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
The Zimmermann note which called for a German-Mexican Alliance led Wilson to declare War. Also, the Uboats that sank 4 unarmed American Ships contributed to growing tensions between the US and Germany. The British also wanted the US to join the war against Germany.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Wilson called it the war to end a war. One of the goals was to make the world safe for democracy and claimed they did not fight for money or territories. This matched his personality and he believed that this will convert the American people to support the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Wilson gave a speech called The Fourteen Points Address to Congress on Jan 8, 1918. The first five points were : a proposal to abolish secret treaties in all countries, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers, reduction of armament burdens, and adjustment of colonial claims.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
To get information out to the public, the Committee of Public Information was created. It was headed by George Creel whose job was to get America to support Wilson’s War Aims. It employed 15000 workers and 75000 four-minute men that delivered speeches encouraging patriotism. He used billboard, leaflets, and booklets. He called the Kaiser, the Hun who was blood thirsty. Songs were also created to revive the war spirit.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
German Americans had to prove they were loyal. Americans feared them so they passed the Espionage Act of 1917, Sedition Act of 1918. Members of the IWW like William D. Haywood were convicted of spying. These acts and convictions were used to force loyalty in the US.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
Factories were no ready for war. The Council of National Defense also started a shipbuilding program and increased the army. No one knew how much steel or gun powder the country needed nor how much the country could produce. This led to the creation of the War Industries Board which was headed by Bernard Baruch.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
Workers worked under the slogan, “ Labor Will Win the War” and the “work or fight” rule made by the War Department. This said that any unemployed male will be drafted. This discouraged strikes and make the government treat labor fairly. This was carried out by the National War Labor Board. It gave workers high wages and 8 hour work days. Some worker organizations such as the Wobblies refused to work and tried to sabotage war efforts. Also, the AF of L increased members. However high wages led to inflation.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Thousands of female workers worked in the factories and fields. They took over male jobs who left to fight in the war. Many women were against the war and wanted pacification. The National American Woman Suffrage Association represented most of the female workers and they fought for women’s rights and suffrage. This led to the 19th amendment which allowed voting regardless of sex 1920. The Womens Bureau emerged after the war to protect womens’ rights in the work place.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
The government became too intrusive in people’s lives through the Food Administration. Herbert Hoover, issued propaganda and wanted to save food through weahtless Wednesdays and meatless Tuesdays. Also the 18th amendment was passed which prohibited alcohol. The government tried to save even more money through heatless Mondays and gasless Sundays. Liberty bonds also helped raise money for the government.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
Europe was running low on money and manpower. They needed an American amry. To raise an army, the government had to use the draft which enlisted men between the ages of 18 and 45. This was effective and brought the army up to 4 million men.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
Russia was going the collapse so US had to support them. They were used as replacements and were deployed in quiet regions. American troops were used mainly to prevent Japan from getting a stronghold in Siberia and to rescue troops and take supplies from Bolsheviks.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
American troops fortified the allied nations. They were used to stop the German advance in France. General John J Pershing was assigned a front of 85 miles to merge with French lines. This led to the Meuse- Argonne offensive which cut German rail lines to slow their advance. This was won by Alvin C York which became a hero by killing 20 Germans and capturing 132 more.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
Wilson sought peace through his 14 points speech. He made is clear that the Kaiser had to leave before an armistice could be agreed on. America contributed to food, munitions credits oil, and manpower. The US’s troops reserves worked to demoralize the Germans.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson won the war but made a mistake when he called the victory a democratic one. This lost him Republican votes and lost power. Wilson despised Republicans and did not let Henry Cabot Lodge go with him to Europe for the Paris Peace table.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
Wilson was joined by four other powerful people. They included Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Prime minister David Lloyd George of Britain, Premier Georges Clemenceau of France, and Russia. His goal was a League of Nations and used this to carry out colonialism.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Wilson compromised with Premier Clemenceau and gave France the Saar Basin instead of Rhineland. Wilson also did not give Fiume to Italy and instead gave it to Yugoslavia. China also wanted Shantung peninsula but Wilson opposed this but gave in anyway.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Only 4 of Wilson’s original 23 points were honored. His point about no secret treaties had to be withdrawn to include more nations in the League. This led to a fairer treaty.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
The treaty was criticized in America because they did not want to join the League of Nations because it went against Washington’s and Jefferson’s idea of not being in an alliance. Liberals thought the treaty was too harsh and did not favor immigrant’s native lands. Irish Americans denounced the League because Britain had a lot of power over any other nation.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
Wilson travelled across the country to appeal to the people and senate. This was protested against physicians because he was very frail. The German Americans and the Midwest hated Wilson. The West praised him. After a night in Colorado, he collapsed and got a stroke that paralyzed half of his body.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
The Treaty was rejected through Senator Lodge after viewing Article X. Wilson, however, still had power and obstructed the rejection of the treaty. 4/5th of the senators favored the treaty. The treaty was defeated in the end by traditionalism, isolationism, disillusionment and partisanship. Most of it was Wilson’s own fault.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
The public began to favor Senator Warren G Harding of Ohio. He was the opposite of Wilson and his vice presidential candidate was Governor Calvin Coolidge. Democrats nominated James M. Cox and his running mate, Franklin D. Roosevelt. With women also voting, Harding won the popular vote and electoral vote. They wanted to return to normalcy and did not like Wilsonism.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
The Treaty of Versailles’s failure was blamed on the US. The League of Nations did not have the US fully in it and it fell apart when Adolf Hitler came into power. The US did not want to interfere when the Germans started arming illegally and was interested in its own interests not the world’s.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Wilson’s idea of world peace was realistic and could have been accomplished. However, this was not fully supported by his own country because it did not include the interests of everyone. Therefore, Wilsonism ultimately failed.
George Creel
George Creel was a journalist, politician, and the head of the United States Committee on Public Information. This organization was created by Woodrow Wilson during World War I.
Bernard Baruch
Bernard Baruch was a well-known philanthropist and was a successful , financier, stock investor, and political consultant. He worked for Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt .
Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who was the Senate Majority leader. He was known for his stance on foreign policies against President Wilson over the Treaty of Versailles.
James M. Cox
James M. Cox was the 46th and 48th Governor of Ohio. He was also the democratic representative and candidate for President during the election of 1920. He was in office from 1909 to 1913.
Self-Determination
This is the document that states that all nations have to follow equal rights and fair opportunity to choose their own ruler and political status. This came from the Atlantic Charter by the President of the US and the Prime Minister of the UK. It does not state what constitutes a nation however.
Collective security
This is a arrangement where a state accepts a system of security that agrees to keep the peace and eliminate any threats. It is better than alliance security of collective defense. There is a low chance of it working however.
Normalcy
Normalcy is also known as the time before World War One. This was promised by presidential candidate, Warren G. Harding in the election of 1920. This was used as a campaign slogan but he opposed this.
Zimmerman Note
This was a note that was sent from Germany to Mexico in 1917. Germany asked Mexico to start war against the US but it was intercepted by British Intelligence. This provoked the US to declare war on Germany later.
Fourteen Points
This was the speech given by President Woodrow Wilson to Congress on Jan. 8, 1918. This outlined post war order and was used to calm the country. It also said the Great War had a moral cause and was to achieve peace in Europe.
League of Nations
This was an organization that was made after the Paris Peace Conference that ended World War I. Its goal was to maintain world peace and used the Covenant and collective security. It used disarmament and arbitration to resolve issues.
Committee on Public Information
This was also known as the Creel Committee. It was created to influence public opinion during World War I. It created support for the war and promoted the war in Europe.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
This act was enacted in 917 and it prohibited the interference of military operations that supported enemies during the war. It was passed and was ruled constitutional and did not violate the freedom of speech.
Industrial Workers of the World
The Industrial Workers of the World was also known as the IWW. It had 100,000 members and consisted of 300000 workers. The Red Scare discouraged members and its goal was to unite all workers as a class and abolish the wage system through this idea.
War Industries Board
This was a government agency that was created during World War 1 to coordinate war supplies and to encourage mass production. This was aimed to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. Frank A. Scott was the leader of the Board.
Nineteenth Amendment
The 19th Amendment was ratified on Aug. 18th, 1920. This allowed women to vote. It also allows states to determine its own qualifications for voting. It was the goal of the women’s suffrage movement.
Food Administration
Food Administration in the US was controlled by the FDA, Center for Food Safety and applied Nutrition, the Food Safety Commission, and the United States Food Administration. During WW1, it controlled the allied food reserves and stabilized the price of wheat.
Irreconcilables
These were people who opposed the Treaty of Versailles. This refers to the 12 or 18 Senators who did not want to ratify the treaty and did not want the US to join the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
This treaty ended World War 1 on June 28, 1919. It ended the war in Europe. The Central Powers had other treaties but this was passed at the Paris Peace Conference. It was Effective on January 10, 1920.
Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
The Zimmermann note which called for a German-Mexican Alliance led Wilson to declare War. Also, the Uboats that sank 4 unarmed American Ships contributed to growing tensions between the US and Germany. The British also wanted the US to join the war against Germany.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Wilson called it the war to end a war. One of the goals was to make the world safe for democracy and claimed they did not fight for money or territories. This matched his personality and he believed that this will convert the American people to support the war.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Wilson gave a speech called The Fourteen Points Address to Congress on Jan 8, 1918. The first five points were : a proposal to abolish secret treaties in all countries, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers, reduction of armament burdens, and adjustment of colonial claims.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
To get information out to the public, the Committee of Public Information was created. It was headed by George Creel whose job was to get America to support Wilson’s War Aims. It employed 15000 workers and 75000 four-minute men that delivered speeches encouraging patriotism. He used billboard, leaflets, and booklets. He called the Kaiser, the Hun who was blood thirsty. Songs were also created to revive the war spirit.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
German Americans had to prove they were loyal. Americans feared them so they passed the Espionage Act of 1917, Sedition Act of 1918. Members of the IWW like William D. Haywood were convicted of spying. These acts and convictions were used to force loyalty in the US.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
Factories were no ready for war. The Council of National Defense also started a shipbuilding program and increased the army. No one knew how much steel or gun powder the country needed nor how much the country could produce. This led to the creation of the War Industries Board which was headed by Bernard Baruch.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
Workers worked under the slogan, “ Labor Will Win the War” and the “work or fight” rule made by the War Department. This said that any unemployed male will be drafted. This discouraged strikes and make the government treat labor fairly. This was carried out by the National War Labor Board. It gave workers high wages and 8 hour work days. Some worker organizations such as the Wobblies refused to work and tried to sabotage war efforts. Also, the AF of L increased members. However high wages led to inflation.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Thousands of female workers worked in the factories and fields. They took over male jobs who left to fight in the war. Many women were against the war and wanted pacification. The National American Woman Suffrage Association represented most of the female workers and they fought for women’s rights and suffrage. This led to the 19th amendment which allowed voting regardless of sex 1920. The Womens Bureau emerged after the war to protect womens’ rights in the work place.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
The government became too intrusive in people’s lives through the Food Administration. Herbert Hoover, issued propaganda and wanted to save food through weahtless Wednesdays and meatless Tuesdays. Also the 18th amendment was passed which prohibited alcohol. The government tried to save even more money through heatless Mondays and gasless Sundays. Liberty bonds also helped raise money for the government.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
Europe was running low on money and manpower. They needed an American amry. To raise an army, the government had to use the draft which enlisted men between the ages of 18 and 45. This was effective and brought the army up to 4 million men.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
Russia was going the collapse so US had to support them. They were used as replacements and were deployed in quiet regions. American troops were used mainly to prevent Japan from getting a stronghold in Siberia and to rescue troops and take supplies from Bolsheviks.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
American troops fortified the allied nations. They were used to stop the German advance in France. General John J Pershing was assigned a front of 85 miles to merge with French lines. This led to the Meuse- Argonne offensive which cut German rail lines to slow their advance. This was won by Alvin C York which became a hero by killing 20 Germans and capturing 132 more.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
Wilson sought peace through his 14 points speech. He made is clear that the Kaiser had to leave before an armistice could be agreed on. America contributed to food, munitions credits oil, and manpower. The US’s troops reserves worked to demoralize the Germans.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson won the war but made a mistake when he called the victory a democratic one. This lost him Republican votes and lost power. Wilson despised Republicans and did not let Henry Cabot Lodge go with him to Europe for the Paris Peace table.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
Wilson was joined by four other powerful people. They included Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Prime minister David Lloyd George of Britain, Premier Georges Clemenceau of France, and Russia. His goal was a League of Nations and used this to carry out colonialism.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Wilson compromised with Premier Clemenceau and gave France the Saar Basin instead of Rhineland. Wilson also did not give Fiume to Italy and instead gave it to Yugoslavia. China also wanted Shantung peninsula but Wilson opposed this but gave in anyway.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Only 4 of Wilson’s original 23 points were honored. His point about no secret treaties had to be withdrawn to include more nations in the League. This led to a fairer treaty.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
The treaty was criticized in America because they did not want to join the League of Nations because it went against Washington’s and Jefferson’s idea of not being in an alliance. Liberals thought the treaty was too harsh and did not favor immigrant’s native lands. Irish Americans denounced the League because Britain had a lot of power over any other nation.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
Wilson travelled across the country to appeal to the people and senate. This was protested against physicians because he was very frail. The German Americans and the Midwest hated Wilson. The West praised him. After a night in Colorado, he collapsed and got a stroke that paralyzed half of his body.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
The Treaty was rejected through Senator Lodge after viewing Article X. Wilson, however, still had power and obstructed the rejection of the treaty. 4/5th of the senators favored the treaty. The treaty was defeated in the end by traditionalism, isolationism, disillusionment and partisanship. Most of it was Wilson’s own fault.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
The public began to favor Senator Warren G Harding of Ohio. He was the opposite of Wilson and his vice presidential candidate was Governor Calvin Coolidge. Democrats nominated James M. Cox and his running mate, Franklin D. Roosevelt. With women also voting, Harding won the popular vote and electoral vote. They wanted to return to normalcy and did not like Wilsonism.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
The Treaty of Versailles’s failure was blamed on the US. The League of Nations did not have the US fully in it and it fell apart when Adolf Hitler came into power. The US did not want to interfere when the Germans started arming illegally and was interested in its own interests not the world’s.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Wilson’s idea of world peace was realistic and could have been accomplished. However, this was not fully supported by his own country because it did not include the interests of everyone. Therefore, Wilsonism ultimately failed.