Chapter 27: Empire and Expansion
Identifications
Richard Olney
Richard Olney the Secretary of State under Cleveland. He fought against the strikers of the Pullman Rebellion.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Alfred Thayer Mahan was a US Captain. He wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History and advocated a strong naval power in order to remain a world power.
Valeriano Weyler
Veleriano Weyler was a Spanish general who was sent to end the Cuban revolts in Cuba. He set up prisoner camps which resulted in the deaths of many.
de Lome Letter
The de Lome Letter was a letter written by Spanish officioal Dupuy de Lome which called out McKinley on his cowardice. It was published by William Randolph Hearst.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo commanded a group of Filipino insurgents to fight against the Spanish. He had been exiled from Asia but was asked to conduct this mission. Eventually, he went rogue.
Jingoism
Jingoism is when the country is patriotic in the form of aggressive foreign policies. It is similar to TR's Big Stick Policy which greatly resembled the principles of bullying.
Teller Amendment
The Teller Amendment promised the Cubans their freedom after evicting Spain out of Cuba.
Rough Riders
Rough Riders was a cavalry unit that was started by Roosevelt after quitting his job as a naval secretary. They were a group of very apt riders, but poor planners.
Anti-Imperialist League
The Anti-Imperialist League was an organization that fought against the American annexation of the Philippines during the late 1800's to early 1900's.
Foraker Act
The Foraker Act was an American law that enacted a civilian government on the island of Puerto Rico, which was under US control from the Spanish-American war.
Insular cases
Insular cases stated that the American laws and/or culture did not necessarily extend to the power of Puerto Rico.
Platt Amendment
The Platt Amendment was a legislation that replaced the Teller Amendment and stipulated the Cuban-American relationship after the Spanish-American war.
Open Door Policy
The Open Door Policy was a foreign policy that encouraged China to open its doors to international trade outside the spheres of influence.
Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion was a rebellion that happened in China when its civilians got angry with foreign control over their cities.
Big Stick Policy
The Big Stick Policy was Theodore Roosevelt's policy toward foreign matters. He said 'speak softly, and carry a big stick'.
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. It states that the US will intervene on behalf of the European-Central American affairs in order to preserve the Monroe Doctrine.
Portsmouth Conference
At the Portsmouth Conference, a treaty was created that ended the Russian-Japanese War of 1904. TR was a negotiator and successfully ruined the US's relations with Russia and Japan.
Gentlemen’s Agreement
The Gentlemen's Agreement was the US agreement with China and Japan that stipulated the racial segregation happening in California would end if the Chinese and Japanese cease sending over immigrant workers.
Root-Takahira Agreement
The Root-Takahira Agreement was the agreement between the US and Japan that stipulated John Hay's Open Door Policy, which meant free trade between Japan and the rest of the world.
Guided Reading Questions
America Turns Outward
Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement
1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?
Yellow journalism was one factor that influenced Americans to travel outside the country. Another factor was missionaries such as Reverend Josiah Strong, who published a book (Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Current Crisis.) advocating imperialism through missions. Alfred Mahan suggested that in order to be a world power, America's navy had to be top class.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Know: Queen Liliuokalani
2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?
At the time, Hawaii was widely considered an unofficial part of the US. White influence was very apparent on the islands as well as in the economy. After the whites staged a revolt to dethrone the queen, the US started to annex Hawaii. However, President Cleveland did not like the fact that Hawaii was coming under US control without the consent of their queen.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Know: General Weyler
3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?
In 1895, the Cubans revolted against their colonizers the Spanish. They burned everything on the sugar plantations, all with the approval of the American government, since they loved freedom so much. General Valeriano Weyler was sent to put an end to the insurrections. He set up prison camps where many insurrectors died of disease.
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey
4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?
As TR sent George Dewey out to the Philippines, the American naval force was outnumbered 10 to 6. However, the Americans greatly out-powered the Spanish fleet with modernized technology. Americans had modern ships and stronger guns, which led to an easy victory for the US.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill
5. Describe the fighting in Cuba.
The Spanish-American War in general was just so unorganized. Soldiers were not properly uniformed, as they wore wool uniforms meant for cold, not for the humid tropics. The Rough Riders was a cavalry unit organized by TR. They were very apt riders, but poor planners. They eventually had to fight on foot because they didn't account for their horses.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
Know: Anti-Imperialist League
6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?
The Americans couldnt give the Philippines back to Spain because the Spanish were known to mistreat the Filipinos. The Philippines couldn't become self-governed because the competition for power would tear the country apart. Should the Americans take over the Philippines, it would give off the impression of a totalitarian regime on part of the US.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo
8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
As far as Puerto Rico, many changes were being had. Improvements in sanitation, transportation, and even education were taking place. Insular Cases stated that American laws and customs weren't necessarily extended to the new territories. Walter Reed and William Gorgas attempted to rid the islands of mosquitoes and yellow fever.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?
The Spanish-American War lasted for a mere 113 days. It resulted in the US being recognized as a world power, perhaps even the strongest world power. John Philip Sousa's music gave a new sense to the word 'patriotism' as the nation literally marched for freedom. A stronger military force was also recognized as being necessary to remain a world power.
"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation
10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?
Emilio Aguinaldo once fought with the US against Spain for the independence of Cuba. However, this time around, he was fighting against the US for the Philippines. President McKinely chose William Taft as the civil governor. Taft chose to pursue the benevolent assimilation, which would bring the Filipinos up to date on the current civilization. Roads, sanitation, public health, etc all improved under this policy.
Hinging the Open Door in China
Know: Boxer Rebellion
11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?
The Boxer rebellion was when the Chinese citizens got angry and violently protested foreign rule of their cities. However, after this rebellion, the Open Door Policy was accepted and China was free to trade with everyone, especially the countries that were outside their borders.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
13. What issues were important in the 1900 election?
In this election, McKinley ran against Bryan. Bryan was against imperialism while McKinley attacked the Bryanism. The issues that were important involved imperialism and the prosperity of the nation as a whole.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit
14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?
Barely six months after the reelection, McKinley died of a gunshot wound. TF soon became the youngest president. He was born into a well-to-do family and graduated Harvard. His personality was very volatile, with a temper fit for 3 people. As a president, he was well-liked by the people and was altogether very successful in his regime.
Building the Panama Canal
Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas
15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?
During the war, it was shown that the lack of canal meant that their navy was quite weak. Creating the canal would reduce travel time to a fraction. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty granted the US to control the route alone. Philippe Bunau-Varilla was an engineer that significantly reduced the costs of building the canal.
TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor
16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?
The Monroe Doctrine stipulated that foreign powers would absolutely not be associated with Central America, lest fell the wrath of the American military. The Roosevelt Corollary stipulated that the US would intervene in Central America and collect the debts in the stead of the European countries.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth
17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?
When Russia and Japan were in a warring state over the Manchurian area, TR was asked to arbitrate the situation. TR mediated the situation, but in turn ruined relations between the US and Japan and Russia. In addition, TR mediated another disupte in North Africa and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Japanese Laborers in California
Know: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet
18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?
As the Japanese populated California, San Francisco was the victim of a massive earthquake in 1906. As a result, the school board commanded a segregation of Chinese, Korea, and Japanese students. The Gentlemen's Agreement stipulated that the school board would repeal the segregations, but the Japanese and the Chinese would not emigrate any more laborers to California.
Richard Olney
Richard Olney the Secretary of State under Cleveland. He fought against the strikers of the Pullman Rebellion.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Alfred Thayer Mahan was a US Captain. He wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History and advocated a strong naval power in order to remain a world power.
Valeriano Weyler
Veleriano Weyler was a Spanish general who was sent to end the Cuban revolts in Cuba. He set up prisoner camps which resulted in the deaths of many.
de Lome Letter
The de Lome Letter was a letter written by Spanish officioal Dupuy de Lome which called out McKinley on his cowardice. It was published by William Randolph Hearst.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo commanded a group of Filipino insurgents to fight against the Spanish. He had been exiled from Asia but was asked to conduct this mission. Eventually, he went rogue.
Jingoism
Jingoism is when the country is patriotic in the form of aggressive foreign policies. It is similar to TR's Big Stick Policy which greatly resembled the principles of bullying.
Teller Amendment
The Teller Amendment promised the Cubans their freedom after evicting Spain out of Cuba.
Rough Riders
Rough Riders was a cavalry unit that was started by Roosevelt after quitting his job as a naval secretary. They were a group of very apt riders, but poor planners.
Anti-Imperialist League
The Anti-Imperialist League was an organization that fought against the American annexation of the Philippines during the late 1800's to early 1900's.
Foraker Act
The Foraker Act was an American law that enacted a civilian government on the island of Puerto Rico, which was under US control from the Spanish-American war.
Insular cases
Insular cases stated that the American laws and/or culture did not necessarily extend to the power of Puerto Rico.
Platt Amendment
The Platt Amendment was a legislation that replaced the Teller Amendment and stipulated the Cuban-American relationship after the Spanish-American war.
Open Door Policy
The Open Door Policy was a foreign policy that encouraged China to open its doors to international trade outside the spheres of influence.
Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion was a rebellion that happened in China when its civilians got angry with foreign control over their cities.
Big Stick Policy
The Big Stick Policy was Theodore Roosevelt's policy toward foreign matters. He said 'speak softly, and carry a big stick'.
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. It states that the US will intervene on behalf of the European-Central American affairs in order to preserve the Monroe Doctrine.
Portsmouth Conference
At the Portsmouth Conference, a treaty was created that ended the Russian-Japanese War of 1904. TR was a negotiator and successfully ruined the US's relations with Russia and Japan.
Gentlemen’s Agreement
The Gentlemen's Agreement was the US agreement with China and Japan that stipulated the racial segregation happening in California would end if the Chinese and Japanese cease sending over immigrant workers.
Root-Takahira Agreement
The Root-Takahira Agreement was the agreement between the US and Japan that stipulated John Hay's Open Door Policy, which meant free trade between Japan and the rest of the world.
Guided Reading Questions
America Turns Outward
Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement
1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?
Yellow journalism was one factor that influenced Americans to travel outside the country. Another factor was missionaries such as Reverend Josiah Strong, who published a book (Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Current Crisis.) advocating imperialism through missions. Alfred Mahan suggested that in order to be a world power, America's navy had to be top class.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Know: Queen Liliuokalani
2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?
At the time, Hawaii was widely considered an unofficial part of the US. White influence was very apparent on the islands as well as in the economy. After the whites staged a revolt to dethrone the queen, the US started to annex Hawaii. However, President Cleveland did not like the fact that Hawaii was coming under US control without the consent of their queen.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Know: General Weyler
3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?
In 1895, the Cubans revolted against their colonizers the Spanish. They burned everything on the sugar plantations, all with the approval of the American government, since they loved freedom so much. General Valeriano Weyler was sent to put an end to the insurrections. He set up prison camps where many insurrectors died of disease.
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey
4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?
As TR sent George Dewey out to the Philippines, the American naval force was outnumbered 10 to 6. However, the Americans greatly out-powered the Spanish fleet with modernized technology. Americans had modern ships and stronger guns, which led to an easy victory for the US.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill
5. Describe the fighting in Cuba.
The Spanish-American War in general was just so unorganized. Soldiers were not properly uniformed, as they wore wool uniforms meant for cold, not for the humid tropics. The Rough Riders was a cavalry unit organized by TR. They were very apt riders, but poor planners. They eventually had to fight on foot because they didn't account for their horses.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
Know: Anti-Imperialist League
6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?
The Americans couldnt give the Philippines back to Spain because the Spanish were known to mistreat the Filipinos. The Philippines couldn't become self-governed because the competition for power would tear the country apart. Should the Americans take over the Philippines, it would give off the impression of a totalitarian regime on part of the US.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo
8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
As far as Puerto Rico, many changes were being had. Improvements in sanitation, transportation, and even education were taking place. Insular Cases stated that American laws and customs weren't necessarily extended to the new territories. Walter Reed and William Gorgas attempted to rid the islands of mosquitoes and yellow fever.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?
The Spanish-American War lasted for a mere 113 days. It resulted in the US being recognized as a world power, perhaps even the strongest world power. John Philip Sousa's music gave a new sense to the word 'patriotism' as the nation literally marched for freedom. A stronger military force was also recognized as being necessary to remain a world power.
"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation
10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?
Emilio Aguinaldo once fought with the US against Spain for the independence of Cuba. However, this time around, he was fighting against the US for the Philippines. President McKinely chose William Taft as the civil governor. Taft chose to pursue the benevolent assimilation, which would bring the Filipinos up to date on the current civilization. Roads, sanitation, public health, etc all improved under this policy.
Hinging the Open Door in China
Know: Boxer Rebellion
11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?
The Boxer rebellion was when the Chinese citizens got angry and violently protested foreign rule of their cities. However, after this rebellion, the Open Door Policy was accepted and China was free to trade with everyone, especially the countries that were outside their borders.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
13. What issues were important in the 1900 election?
In this election, McKinley ran against Bryan. Bryan was against imperialism while McKinley attacked the Bryanism. The issues that were important involved imperialism and the prosperity of the nation as a whole.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit
14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?
Barely six months after the reelection, McKinley died of a gunshot wound. TF soon became the youngest president. He was born into a well-to-do family and graduated Harvard. His personality was very volatile, with a temper fit for 3 people. As a president, he was well-liked by the people and was altogether very successful in his regime.
Building the Panama Canal
Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas
15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?
During the war, it was shown that the lack of canal meant that their navy was quite weak. Creating the canal would reduce travel time to a fraction. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty granted the US to control the route alone. Philippe Bunau-Varilla was an engineer that significantly reduced the costs of building the canal.
TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor
16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?
The Monroe Doctrine stipulated that foreign powers would absolutely not be associated with Central America, lest fell the wrath of the American military. The Roosevelt Corollary stipulated that the US would intervene in Central America and collect the debts in the stead of the European countries.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth
17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?
When Russia and Japan were in a warring state over the Manchurian area, TR was asked to arbitrate the situation. TR mediated the situation, but in turn ruined relations between the US and Japan and Russia. In addition, TR mediated another disupte in North Africa and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Japanese Laborers in California
Know: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet
18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?
As the Japanese populated California, San Francisco was the victim of a massive earthquake in 1906. As a result, the school board commanded a segregation of Chinese, Korea, and Japanese students. The Gentlemen's Agreement stipulated that the school board would repeal the segregations, but the Japanese and the Chinese would not emigrate any more laborers to California.